Permitting and licensing requirements determine the eligibility of components and have to be considered for the technology assessment and system configuration. Typical requirements of regulatory frameworks are described in this section.

Applicable norms and standards
Solar PV systems are electrical generators. For this reason, special attention has to be paid to protection against electrical shock, fire protection, security of energy supply and overall engineering. It is unlikely that any solar PV equipment would be considered to be safe and reliable from a technical perspective if the equipment manufacturer did not apply or consider the established standards listed in this section. Moreover, non-fulfilment of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and local standards is usually a deal breaker for critical project stakeholders such as insurers, banks and utilities. Compliance with such standards also means that equipment is comparable and connectable.
Meeting standards possibly impacts the project and/or equipment cost. However, because standards are developed by different stakeholders, such as industry, consumers, academia, test laboratories, governments and regulators, a reasonable balance for different cost aspects has to be struck with the general aim of maintaining a safe and reliable environment.

Table below Standards for equipment and manufacturing:

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Table below standards for engineering and construction:

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Source: IRENA report