How does temperature affect the performance of lithium batteries?

Temperature significantly impacts the performance of lithium-ion batteries, affecting both their capacity and lifespan.

Here’s how temperature can impact lithium-ion batteries:

1. Low Temperatures: At low temperatures, the mobility of lithium ions and the conductivity of the electrolyte within the battery can be significantly reduced. This reduction slows the electrochemical reactions within the battery, leading to decreased capacity and performance. In other words, your battery won’t last as long in a single charge. Also, charging lithium-ion batteries at extremely cold temperatures can lead to lithium plating on the anode, which can permanently damage the battery.
2. High Temperatures: Conversely, at high temperatures, the reaction rates can increase, causing the battery to self-discharge faster even when not in use. While this might temporarily increase the battery’s capacity and performance, it can also accelerate the breakdown of the battery’s internal materials, reducing the overall lifespan of the battery. In extreme cases, as previously mentioned, high temperatures can lead to thermal runaway, a dangerous condition that can result in the battery catching fire or exploding.
3. Optimal Temperature: Lithium-ion batteries typically perform best at room temperature, around 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). At this temperature range, the ions within the battery can move freely, and the electrochemical reactions can proceed at their optimal rate, maximizing both capacity and lifespan.

To ensure the longevity and safety of your lithium-ion batteries, it’s best to keep them away from extreme temperatures. If your device starts to overheat, it’s advisable to turn it off and allow it to cool down. When storing batteries, try to keep them in a cool, dry place to maintain their optimal performance.